Article
An Energy Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based
Forwarding Scheme for Industrial Underwater
Acoustic Sensor Networks with Sink Mobility
Zahid Wadud
1,2
, Sajjad Hussain
3
, Nadeem Javaid
4,
*, Safdar Hussain Bouk
5
, Nabil Alrajeh
6,
*,
Mohamad Souheil Alabed
6
and Nadra Guizani
7
1
Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; zahidmufti@nwfpuet.edu.pk
2
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
3
School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; sajjad.hussain@glasgow.ac.uk
4
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
5
Department of Information and Communication Engineering, DGIST 42988, Korea; bouk@dgist.ac.kr
6
Biomedical Technology Department College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University,
Riyadh 11633, Saudi Arabia; salabed@ksu.edu.sa
7
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
nguizani@purdue.edu
* Correspondence: nadeemjavaid@comsats.edu.pk (N.J.); nabil@ksu.edu.pk (N.A.)
Received: 9 August 2017; Accepted: 26 September 2017; Published: 30 September 2017
Abstract:
Industrial Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (IUASNs) come with intrinsic challenges
like long propagation delay, small bandwidth, large energy consumption, three-dimensional
deployment, and high deployment and battery replacement cost. Any routing strategy proposed for
IUASN must take into account these constraints. The vector based forwarding schemes in literature
forward data packets to sink using holding time and location information of the sender, forwarder,
and sink nodes. Holding time suppresses data broadcasts; however, it fails to keep energy and delay
fairness in the network. To achieve this, we propose an Energy Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based
Forwarding (ESEVBF) scheme. ESEVBF uses the residual energy of the node to scale and vector
pipeline distance ratio to expand the holding time. Resulting scaled and expanded holding time
of all forwarding nodes has a significant difference to avoid multiple forwarding, which reduces
energy consumption and energy balancing in the network. If a node has a minimum holding time
among its neighbors, it shrinks the holding time and quickly forwards the data packets upstream.
The performance of ESEVBF is analyzed through in network scenario with and without node mobility
to ensure its effectiveness. Simulation results show that ESEVBF has low energy consumption,
reduces forwarded data copies, and less end-to-end delay.
Keywords:
Industrial Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (IUASNs); energy consumption;
energy hole; network lifetime; End-2-End Delay (E2ED); routing
1. Introduction
Smart coasts (SCs) are one of the key factors for the sustainable community [
1
]. The main
objectives of the SC are to monitor the quality of water, the ecosystem, water pollution, seismic
activity and management of the coastal zone(s). All of these objectives are hard to achieve without
continuous detection, collection, monitoring, and management of the oceanographic parameters.
This uninterrupted collection and communication of the aquatic parameters are not possible without
Underwater Sensor Networks (USN) [2], which is one of the key technologies in the realm of SCs.
USN consists of the battery operated nodes deployed in the aquatic environment, where each
node has the capability to sense the physical aquatic and physical parameters, communicate the sensed
Sensors 2017, 17, 2251; doi:10.3390/s17102251 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors
