Article
Operating of Gasoline Engine Using Naphtha and Octane
Boosters from Waste as Fuel Additives
Obed Majeed Ali
1
, Omar Rafae Alomar
2
, Omar Mohammed Ali
3
, Naseer T. Alwan
4,5
, Salam J. Yaqoob
6,
* ,
Anand Nayyar
7
, Sameh Askar
8
and Mohamed Abouhawwash
9,10
Citation: Ali, O.M.; Alomar, O.R.;
Ali, O.M.; Alwan, N.T.; Yaqoob, S.J.;
Nayyar, A.; Askar, S.; Abouhawwash,
M. Operating of Gasoline Engine
Using Naphtha and Octane Boosters
from Waste as Fuel Additives.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 13019. https://
doi.org/10.3390/su132313019
Academic Editors: João Carlos de
Oliveira Matias and Paolo Renna
Received: 10 November 2021
Accepted: 20 November 2021
Published: 24 November 2021
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4.0/).
1
Renewable Energy Research Unit, Northern Technical University, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq; obedmajeed@gmail.com
2
Engineering Technical College of Mosul, Northern Technical University, Mosul 41002, Iraq;
omar.alomar@ntu.edu.iq
3
College of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zakho, Zakho 42002, Iraq; omar.ali@uoz.edu.krd
4
Department of Nuclear and Renewable Energy, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
nassir.towfeek79@gmail.com
5
Technical Engineering College of Kirkuk, Northern Technical University, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq
6
Department of Research and Education, Authority of the Popular Crowd, Baghdad 10001, Iraq
7
Faculty of Information Technology, Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam;
anandnayyar@duytan.edu.vn
8
Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; saskar@ksu.edu.sa
9
Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering (CMSE), College of Engineering,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; abouhaww@msu.edu
10
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
* Correspondence: engsalamjabr@gmail.com
Abstract:
Fuel quality is an important indicator for the suitability of alternative fuel for the utilization
in internal combustion (IC) engines. In this paper, light naphtha and fusel oil have been introduced
as fuel additives for local low octane gasoline to operate a spark ignition (SI) engine. Investigated
fuel samples have been prepared based on volume and denoted as GN10 (90% local gasoline and 10%
naphtha), GF10 (90% local gasoline and 10% fusel oil), and GN5F5 (90% local gasoline, 5% naphtha
and 5% fusel oil) in addition to G100 (Pure local gasoline). Engine tests have been conducted to
evaluate engine performance and exhaust emissions at increasing speed and constant wide throttle
opening (WTO). The study results reveal varying engine performance obtained with GN10 and GF10
with increasing engine speed compared to local gasoline fuel (G). Moreover, GN5F5 shows higher
brake power, lower brake specific fuel consumption, and higher brake thermal efficiency compared
to other investigated fuel samples over the whole engine speed. The higher CO and CO
2
emissions
were obtained with GN10 and GF10, respectively, over the entire engine speed and the minimum
CO emissions observed with GN5F5. Moreover, the higher NO
x
emission was observed with pure
local gasoline while the lowest was observed with GF10. On the other hand, GN5F5 shows slightly
higher NO
x
emissions than GF10, which is lower than GN10 and gasoline. Accordingly, GN5F5
shows better engine performance and exhaust emissions, which can enhance the local low gasoline
fuel quality using the locally available fuel additives.
Keywords:
naphtha; SI engine; fusel oil; engine performance; exhaust emissions; fuel additives;
thermal efficiency
1. Introduction
Global warming and increasing energy demand engage researchers to search for a
suitable alternative to reduce the dependence on mineral fuel. Petroleum fuel currently rep-
resents a significant share among other fuel sources [
1
–
3
]. The primary energy-consuming
sectors in the world are industry and transportation, which depend mainly on IC engines
that consume liquid mineral fuel. The utilization of this fuel is restricted by the limited
Sustainability 2021, 13, 13019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313019 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
