Citation: Krasuski, K.; Mrozik, M.;
Wierzbicki, D.;
´
Cwiklak, J.; Kozuba, J.;
Cie´cko, A. Designation of the Quality
of EGNOS+SDCM Satellite
Positioning in the Approach to
Landing Procedure. Appl. Sci. 2022,
12, 1335. https://doi.org/10.3390/
app12031335
Academic Editor: Rosario Pecora
Received: 15 December 2021
Accepted: 21 January 2022
Published: 26 January 2022
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Article
Designation of the Quality of EGNOS+SDCM Satellite
Positioning in the Approach to Landing Procedure
Kamil Krasuski
1,
* , Magda Mrozik
2
, Damian Wierzbicki
3
, Janusz
´
Cwiklak
1
, Jarosław Kozuba
2
and Adam Cie´cko
4
1
Institute of Navigation, Polish Air Force University, 08-521 D˛eblin, Poland; j.cwiklak@law.mil.pl
2
Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
magda.mrozik@polsl.pl (M.M.); jaroslaw.kozuba@polsl.pl (J.K.)
3
Department of Imagery Intelligence, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of
Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; damian.wierzbicki@wat.edu.pl
4
Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland;
a.ciecko@uwm.edu.pl
* Correspondence: k.krasuski@law.mil.pl; Tel.: +48-261-517-753
Abstract:
The main aim of this paper is to present the results of research on the application of a
modified mathematical model to determine the quality parameters of SBAS (Satellite Based Augmen-
tation System) satellite positioning in aviation. The authors developed a new calculation strategy to
determine the resultant values of the parameters of accuracy, continuity, availability and integrity of
SBAS positioning. To achieve it, a weighted mean model was used for the purposes of developing a
mathematical algorithm to determine the resultant values of SBAS positioning. The created algorithm
was implemented for two SBAS supporting systems, i.e., EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation
Overlay Service) and SDCM (System of Differential Correction and Monitoring). The algorithm was
tested in a flight test conducted with a Diamond DA 20-C airplane in north-eastern Poland in 2020. The
conducted research revealed that the resultant error of the position in 3D space determined with use of
the proposed weighted mean model improved by, respectively, 1–7% in comparison to the standard
arithmetic mean model and by 1–37% in comparison to a single SBAS/EGNOS solution. Moreover,
the application of the Multi-SBAS positioning algorithm results in an increase in the nominal results
of continuity and availability by 50% in comparison to the arithmetic mean model. Apart from that,
the values of the integrity parameters determined with use of the proposed weighted mean model
improved by 62–63% in comparison to the standard arithmetic mean model.
Keywords: accuracy; integrity; availability; continuity; EGNOS; SDCM
1. Introduction
Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) perform an essential function in improv-
ing the quality of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning in the aviation
sector. The determination of the accuracy, integrity, continuity, and availability parameters
of signals from GNSS satellite systems enables the improvement of the positioning of an
aerial vehicle in the horizontal and vertical planes [1]. The above attributes of positioning
quality contributed to an intensive development of global, generally available satellite
systems that belong to the group of SBAS systems. These systems meet the certification
requirements specified in Annex 10 to the Chicago Convention–Aeronautical Telecommu-
nications [
2
]. Thus, it is worth analysing the selected fragments of the Annex that refer to
the quality of SBAS positioning in aviation. Namely, according to the Annex, every SBAS
system has two applications: firstly in the navigation aspect and secondly in the aviation
aspect. As far as the navigation application is concerned, the following functions of the
SBAS system described in Annex 10 may be discussed [2]:
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1335. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031335 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci
