Citation: Dash, L.; Pattanayak, B.K.;
Mishra, S.K.; Sahoo, K.S.; Jhanjhi,
N.Z.; Baz, M.; Masud, M. A Data
Aggregation Approach Exploiting
Spatial and Temporal Correlation
among Sensor Data in Wireless
Sensor Networks. Electronics 2022, 11,
989. https://doi.org/10.3390/
electronics11070989
Academic Editors: Alvaro
Araujo Pinto and Hacene Fouchal
Received: 30 January 2022
Accepted: 11 March 2022
Published: 23 March 2022
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Article
A Data Aggregation Approach Exploiting Spatial and Temporal
Correlation among Sensor Data in Wireless Sensor Networks
Lucy Dash
1
, Binod Kumar Pattanayak
1
, Sambit Kumar Mishra
2
, Kshira Sagar Sahoo
2
,
Noor Zaman Jhanjhi
3,
* , Mohammed Baz
4
and Mehedi Masud
5
1
ITER, S’O’A Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, OR, India; dashlucy89@gmail.com (L.D.);
binodpattanayak@soa.ac.in (B.K.P.)
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM University, Amaravati 522240, AP, India;
skmishra.nitrkl@gmail.com (S.K.M.); kshirasagar12@gmail.com (K.S.S.)
3
School of Computer Science, SCS, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
4
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Technology, Taif University,
P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21994, Saudi Arabia; mo.baz@tu.edu.sa
5
Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Technology, Taif University,
P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21994, Saudi Arabia; mmasud@tu.edu.sa
* Correspondence: noorzaman.jhanjhi@taylors.edu.my
Abstract:
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have various applications which include zone surveil-
lance, environmental monitoring, event tracking where the operation mode is long term. WSNs are
characterized by low-powered and battery-operated sensor devices with a finite source of energy.
Due to the dense deployment of these devices practically it is impossible to replace the batteries.
The finite source of energy should be utilized in a meaningful way to maximize the overall network
lifetime. In the space domain, there is a high correlation among sensor surveillance constituting
the large volume of the sensor network topology. Each consecutive observation constitutes the
temporal correlation depending on the physical phenomenon nature of the sensor nodes. These
spatio-temporal correlations can be efficiently utilized in order to enhance the maximum savings
in energy uses. In this paper, we have proposed a Spatial and Temporal Correlation-based Data
Redundancy Reduction (STCDRR) protocol which eliminates redundancy at the source level and
aggregator level. The estimated performance score of proposed algorithms is approximately 7.2 when
the score of existing algorithms such as the KAB (K-means algorithm based on the ANOVA model
and Bartlett test) and ED (Euclidian distance) are 5.2, 0.5, respectively. It reflects that the STCDRR
protocol can achieve a higher data compression rate, lower false-negative rate, lower false-positive
rate. These results are valid for numeric data collected from a real data set. This experiment does not
consider non-numeric values.
Keywords: WSN; spatial correlation; temporal correlation; data aggregation; STCDRR protocol
1. Introduction
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of sensor devices whose primary function is
to sense data. These are used to detect and accordingly respond to various signals from
the environment. Sensors are small in size, so they have less energy. Hence, saving energy
is one of the most challenging aspects of WSNs. Sensors are responsible for converting
signals from one form to another such as humidity, pressure, temperature, voltage, light,
etc. Sensor devices are battery powered and it is not possible to change the battery fre-
quently [
1
]. To prolong the battery life energy consumption should be minimized for
healthy communication in the network. The main function of a sensor node lies in three
levels which are firstly sensing the data then secondly processing the sensed data and
lastly communicating the processed data. A huge amount of the finite source of energy is
consumed in the communication process as it is associated with various operations such as
Electronics 2022, 11, 989. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11070989 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics
