Small Wars Journal Op-Ed
www.smallwarsjournal.com
Applying Ends, Ways, & Means to the Spectrum of Conflict
Tom Clark and Bruce Stanley
Can we have a meaningful discussion of full spectrum operations in one dimension? If we take
the 2008 edition of FM 3-0, Operations, spectrum of conflict at face value the answer is yes. As
depicted, full spectrum operations consist of a “ways” based framework. Such a framework
stands in stark contrast to the remainder of FM 3-0 as well as other new doctrine manuals such as
FM 3-24, Counterinsurgency, and FM 3-07, Stability Operations.
All good models clarify complex topics. In using a simple model there is a danger of losing the
clarity and completeness necessary to gain understanding. This is the problem with a one-
dimension model to explain full spectrum operations – we traded clarity and completeness for
simplicity.
FM 3-0, Operations, tells us that military operations occur within a complex framework of
environmental factors. A contributing factor to complexity is the integration of activities of
government and non-government entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort. Joint
planning integrates military power with other instruments of national power to achieve a desired
end state. Full spectrum operations involves more than simultaneous execution of offensive,
defensive, and stability operations.
FM 3-24, Counterinsurgency, tells us counterinsurgency is an organized movement aimed at the
overthrow of a constituted government through subversion and armed conflict. Political power is
the central issue as each side aims to get the people to accept its governance or authority as
legitimate. Counterinsurgents use all instruments of national power to sustain the established or
emerging government.
FM 3-07, Stability Operations, tells us that our military history is one of stability operations
punctuated by episodes of major combat. Conflict transformation focuses on converting the
dynamics of conflict into processes for constructive, positive change. Conflict transformation is
the process of reducing the means and motivations for violent conflict while developing more
viable, peaceful alternatives for the competitive pursuit of political and socioeconomic
aspirations.
In the Fall 2006 Air and Space Power Journal, Dr Jack Kem wrote
that transformation effects
are difficult to assess under a one-dimension model. He proposes that effective transformation
involves four specific considerations: the strategic context, the ends or purpose for
transformation, ways or methods to achieve the ends, and means or resources to accomplish the
ways.
