Citation: Chen, C.; Wang, Y.; Lu, S.;
Li, X. Design and Multiobjective
Optimization of Green Closed-Loop
Manufacturing-Recycling Network
Considering Raw Material Attribute.
Processes 2022, 10, 904. https://
doi.org/10.3390/pr10050904
Academic Editors: Arkadiusz Gola,
Izabela Nielsen and Patrik Grznár
Received: 31 March 2022
Accepted: 27 April 2022
Published: 3 May 2022
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Article
Design and Multiobjective Optimization of Green Closed-Loop
Manufacturing-Recycling Network Considering Raw
Material Attribute
Chen Chen
1
, Yue Wang
1
, Shan Lu
2,
* and Xinchao Li
2
1
School of Information and Control Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China;
chenchen521163@163.com (C.C.); wangyue@lnpu.edu.cn (Y.W.)
2
Institute of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China;
lixinchao@szpt.edu.cn
* Correspondence: lushan@szpt.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-13828808665
Abstract:
Regarding decision planning in the electronic manufacturing industry, this paper designs a
green closed-loop manufacturing-recycling network for multiperiod production planning for multiple
products. The network considers the tradeoff between production costs and environmental pollution
induced by production scraps. Therefore, a mixed integer programming model with a dual objective
is designed to achieve environmental protection and reduce production costs through resource
recovery and utilization. At the same time, the recycled materials are considered to be treated, not
entirely new, which could affect the manufacturing qualified rate. Thus, material attributes are
proposed to distinguish new raw materials from recycled (second-hand) ones through the closed-loop
manufacturing-recycling process to enhance the manufacturing qualified rate. In order to solve the
dual-objective optimization model and realize optimal decisions, an epsilon constraint is designed
to generate a nonextreme solution set by changing the original feasible region. The results show its
ability to obtain a more balanced solution in terms of cost and environmental factors compared with
the fuzzy-weighted method. Meanwhile, the analysis proves that the dual-objective optimization
model with distinguishing material attributes can improve the efficiency of the manufacturing
qualified rate and achieve a win-win situation for production and environmental protection during
enterprise production.
Keywords:
closed-loop manufacturing; material attribute; dual-objective optimization; epsilon-constraint
method; environmental protection
1. Introduction
The progress of mankind cannot be separated from industrial. With the proposal of
industry 4.0, digital intelligent manufacturing becomes more meaningful to achieve real-
time connectivity of people, equipment, and products through cyclic manufacturing and
remanufacturing in a closed-loop supply chain [
1
]. However, although this has changed
the manufacturing mode, the environmental impact of manufacturing cannot be ignored.
Manufacturing with agglomeration exacerbates environmental pollution and affects people
living in surrounding towns [
2
,
3
]. This has drawn attention to environmental management,
energy conservation, and emission reduction. This has prompted decision-makers to take
proactive measures to help companies to improve their productivity and reduce environ-
mental pollution [
4
]. Thus, environmental performance is valued by enterprises and has
become the driving force of production together with economic performance [
5
]. Recycling
has become a key measure to improve environmental benefits [
6
]. From the perspective of
an environmental protection system, for example, the recycling of batteries can ensure that
the toxic substances in batteries do not cause secondary pollution to the environment [
7
].
Recycling is of great significance to reduce the burden on the environment. From the
Processes 2022, 10, 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10050904 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/processes
